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by C.L.

The collapse of the worldwide financial cooperation during the Great Depression right after the Second World War guided the countries to meet and agree on a framework of economic policies, with the intention of financing to rebuild Europe as well as to protect the world from future economic shocks.

In recent years countries have been experiencing recurrent crises of public debt and deficits that are not merely events of yet another economic crisis of contemporary capitalism. These are in fact the tip of the iceberg. Deep accumulated deadlocks and contradictions are embedded in the modern way of development reforms that have great repercussions to both a country’s economy but foremost to societies.

Therefore, the emergence of parallel institutions emanates as a response to the assault of people’s lifestyle, which is mainly created by the political decisions of the existing indebted governments and international organizations. Ergo, parallel institutions counter the inability of the government to assert their inherent right to personal security as stated by the UNDP Development Report 1994.

There has been a growth in academic literature examining the relationship between human rights and human security. On the one hand scholars have established a link between human security and human rights pointing that human security is defined by international human rights norms (Rachmaran 2002: 9; Evans 2011: 7; Tabjabakhsh and Chenoy 2007: 132; Dine and Fagan 2006: xi-xii; Annan cited in Shani et al: 7; Gasper 2005; Achaya 2001: 448; CHS 2003; ICSS). On the other hand, critics point out that human security rhetoric and agenda can possibly undermine the human rights regime (Howard – Hassman). While, other human security scholars do not make any explicit mention of human rights in their work (MacArthur 2008; Thomas 2001), both school of thoughts though agree that human security and human rights do hold a significant role in political order.

Whereas, we have come a long way from the Classical Security Studies there still is a lack of available literature in correlating the role of NGOs and civil society (structured parallel institutions) arising as a response to fill in the governance gap of heavily indebted countries and provide security to the citizens.